Deflection is a major consideration in the design of structures. Buildings have become taller, bridges…
Th e aim of compiling this book has been to give a working knowledge of the important details of civil
construction, materials used in civil engineering, including the source of raw materials, their characteristics,
the process of manufacture, their defects, structure and uses in the industry, and the basics of surveying and
levelling and several other major topics in civil engineering to all engineering students in a systematic way